2015年英语四级选词填空练习及译文2

　　Section A

Directions：In this section。thereis a passage with ten are required to select one word for each blankfrom a list ofchoices given in a word bankfollowing the the passage through carefully before making your choice in the bank is identified by a letter Please mark the corresponding letterfor each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the may not use any ofthe words in the bank more than once.

　　Questions 36 to 45 are based on thefollowingpassage.

“THINKING is hard，”(36)__________Daniel Dennet，a professor of philosophy at Tufts University.“Thinking about some problems is so hard that it can make your head ache just thinking about thinking about them.”He has spent hA.f a century pondering some of the knottiest problems around：the nature of meaning，the(37)__________of minds and whether freewill is latest book，Intuition Pumps(直觉泵)and Other Tools for Thinking，is a precis of those 50 years，distilled into 77(38)__________ and mostly bite-sized chapters.

“Intuiuon pumps”are what Mr Dennet calls thought experiments that aim to get at the rub of the aim of this book is not(39)__________to show how the pumps work,but to(40)__________them to help readers think through some of the most profound conundrums.

This pump which Mr Dennet calls a“cascade of homunculi(级联侏儒)”，was(41)__________by the field of artificial Intelligence,An programmer begins by taking a problem a computer is meant to solve and breaking it down into smaller tasks，to be dealt with by particular(42)__________e，in turn，are(43)__________ of ystems，and so this way,we are in depth of thinking profound problems.

Of course，Mr Dennet’s book is not a(44)__________solution to such mind-benders;it is philosophy in all good philosophy,it works by getting the reader to examine deeply held but(45)__________ beliefs about some of our most fundamental concems，like personal is really not all easy read.

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塔夫斯大学的一名哲学教授丹尼尔•丹尼特(36)承认：“思考是困难的，某些问题的思考之难，几乎到了只要一想这些问题就会头疼的地步。在过去半个世纪里，他一直在沉思那些最耐人寻味的问题：意义的本质，思想的(37)实质以及自由意志的可行性等。最近，他的力作《思考的工具：直觉泵及其他》新鲜出炉，由77篇既(38)有可读性又短小精悍的文章组成，是他五十多年来思考之浓缩，覃思之精华。

“直觉泵”是丹尼特用来称呼思想实验的术语。所谓思想实验就是一种意在探究概念内核的实验。本书的目的(39)不仅仅在于展示“直觉泵”的工作流程，更重要的是通过(40)运用“直觉泵”，帮助读者去揣摩那些最值得考虑的难题。

丹内特把这种泵称为“级联侏儒”，其(41)灵感来自于人工智能领域。当一名程序员接受了一项有待计算机解决的任务时，他首先会把这项任务分解为一些更小的任务，然后把这些任务交给一些特定的(42)子系统去解决，而这些子系统又是由更小的.子子系统(43)组成的，以此类推。只有这样，这些问题才能得以深思。

当然，丹内特的书并不是这些令人迷惑的问题的(44)终极答案。相反的，是对此类问题的终极思考。如同所有终极思考一样，该书通过让读者对那些深藏于我们内心却又(45)无法言说的信念进行检讨，从而达到自己的目的。它确实不是一本易读懂的书。