2016年12月英语四级考试语法知识

2016年12月英语四级考试将在12月17日举行，大家的四级语法知识备考得如何了呢?下面是yjbys网小编提供给大家关于英语四级考试语法知识，希望对大家的备考有所帮助。

　词类(parts of speech)

英语的词通常分为十大类：

1)名词(noun，缩写为n.)是人和事物的名称，如pen(钢笔)，English(英语)，life(生活)。

2)代词(pronoun，缩写为pron.)是用来代替名词的词，如we(我们)，his(他的)，all(全部)。

3)形容词(adjective，缩写为adj.)用来修饰名词，如great(伟大的)，honest(诚实的)，difficult(困难的)。

4)数词(numeral，缩写为num.)是表示"多少"和"第几"的词，如four(四)，eighteen(十八)，first(第一)，eighth(十八)，hundred(一百)。

5)动词(verb，缩写为v)表示动作和状态，如write(写)，walk(行走)，think(想)。

6)副词(adverb，缩写为。adv.)是修饰动词、形容词和副词的词，如quickly(快)，often(经常)，very(很)。

7)冠词(article，缩写为art.)说明名词所指的人或物的词，如a，an(一个)，the(这，那)。

8)介词(preposition，缩写为prep.)表示名词(或代词)与句子里其它词的关系，如from(从)，in(在…内)，between(在…之间)。

9)连词(conjunction，缩写为conj.)是连接词、短语、从句和句子的词，如and(和)，because(因为)，if(假如)。

10)感叹词(interjection，缩写为int.)表示感情，如。oh(噢)，aha(啊哈)，hush(嘘)。

[注一]属于前六类(名、代、形、数、动、副等词)的词都有实义，叫做实词(notional word)。属于后四类(冠、介、连、感等词)的词没有实义，叫做虚词(form word)。

[注二]不少词可以属于几个词类，如work(工作;动词和名词)，fast(快;形容词和副词)，since(自从;连词和介词)等。

句子成分(members of the sentence)

英语的句子由主语部分与谓语部分组成。具体地讲，主要有下列六种句子成分：

1)主语(subject)它是句子所要说明的人或事物，是一句的主体。如I study English(我学习英语)中的I。

2)谓语动词(predicate verb)它是说明主语的动作或状态的`，如I study English中的study。

3)表语(predicative)它是放在连系动词之后表示主语的身分或特征的，如I am a student(我是一个学生)中的student;Our classroom is clean(我们的教室很干净)中的clean。

4)宾语(object)它是表示及物动词动作的对象的，如I study English中的English。介词后面的名词或代词，叫做介词的宾语，如They don't work on Sunday(他们星期天不工作)中的Sunday，就是介词on的宾语。

5)定语(attribute)它是限定或修饰名词或代词用的，如He likes to drink co1d milk(他喜欢喝冷牛奶)中的co1d。

6)状语(adverbial)它是修饰动词、形容词、副词用的，如He works hard(他努力工作)中的hard。

[注]虚词在句子中一律不能作为句子成分。

Ⅰ动词(时态,语态,用法,省略,一致性等)

时态

1)现在完成进行时态 (have/has been + -ing 分词构成): 动作或状态从过去某时开始,继续到现在,可能继续下去,也可能刚刚结束.

I’ve been writing letters for an hour.

I’ve been sitting in the garden.

2)过去完成进行时(由had been + ing分词构成): 过去某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作

I’d been working for some time when he called.

We had been waiting for her for two hours by the time she came.

3)将来完成进行时: 将来某个时刻以前一直在进行的动作.

By next summer, he will have been working here for twenty years.

In another month’s time she’ll have been studying here for three years.

4)将来完成时(由shall/will have + 过去分词构成): 将来某时已发生的事.

I shall have finished this one before lunch.

They’ll have hit the year’s target by the end of October.

　语态

可以有两种被动结构的类型,例如:

He was said to be jealous of her success.

It was said that he was jealous of her success.

能同时适用于上述两个句型的主动词通常都是表示“估计”,“相信”等意义的动词,常见的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.

It is supposed that the ship has been sunk.

The ship is supposed to have been sunk.

担当be supposed to 与不定式的一般形式搭配时往往表示不同的意义.例如:

Why are you driving so fast in this area? You are supposed to know the speed to know the speed limit. (你应该晓得速度限制)

双宾语及宾补结构的被动语态

双宾语结构的被动语态: 双宾语结构变为被动语态时,可以把主动结构中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个宾语仍然保留在谓语后面,但多数是把间接宾语变为主语.

He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.

Two days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.

宾补结构的被动语态:

She was called Big Sister by everybody.

Then he was made a squad leader.

He was considered quite qualified for the job.

The room was always kept clean and tidy.

短语动词

Vi + adv

The plane took off two hours late.

Vi + prep

They looked round the Cathedral.

Vi + prep (有被动语态)

She’s looking after her sister’s children.

The children were always well looked after.

Vi + adv + prep

I began to look forward to their visits.

Vt + O + adv

Some women choose to stay at home and bring up their children.

The children were brought up by their mother.

They took him on.

Vt + adv + O (无被动语态)

I am trying to give up smoking.

Vt + O + prep

We talked Donald into agreement.