英语写作的逻辑结构

每一种写作，无论是求职信、申请信、新闻报道、科幻小说都有各自的结构。这种结构就是文章的骨架，是文章的基本要素，那么英语写作的逻辑结构有哪些呢?一起来了解一下!

　　1分类结构：

在分类结构中，一系列同样重要的主题将被阐述。政治演说，如竞选演说，甚至国情咨文演说，都是分类结构的例子。求职信中你可能会使用类似的结构，因为你会描述使你成为这个职位理想人选的所有特质。

Categorical: In a categorical structure, a series of equally important topics are addressed. A political speech, like a campaign speech or even The State of the Union Address, is a good example of categorical writing. You might use a similar structure in a cover letter for a job application, in which you describe all of your traits that would make you an ideal candidate for the position.

　　2评价结构：

在评价结构中，一个问题会首先被引入，然后作者再进行利弊的权衡。在写电子邮件时，你可以使用一个评价结构来询问一个好朋友的建议。

Evaluative: In an evaluative structure, a problem is introduced, and then pros and cons are weighed. You might employ an evaluative structure when writing an e-mail to ask a close friend for advice.

　　3时间逻辑结构：

当你的注意力更多地是真实地讲述故事而不是最终结果时，就采用时间顺序结构。想想笑话是怎么讲的：”三个家伙走进酒吧……“ 设置一系列事件来传递最后的Punchline(关键语、笑料)。同样的，大多数短篇故事和小说都是以时间顺序进行的。

Chronological: When your focus is more the actual telling of the story than the end result, employ a chronological structure. Think of joke telling. "Three guys walk into a bar…" sets up a sequence of events to deliver that final punch line. Similarly, most short stories and novels are written chronologically.

　　4对比结构：

对比结构类似于评价结构，但是这种结构用于要分析的目标有更多的层级需要衡量的情况。在准备辩论赛的辩论稿时，你可以用对比结构来阐述你的.观点比对方的观点强的原因。你也可以用对比结构阐述你为什么觉得市议会提高当地税收的决定是不正确的。

Comparative: This structure is similar to evaluative, but it is used when there are more layers to the situation at hand that is being weighed. You might use a comparative structure if you were writing a speech for a debate team to explain the various reasons why you feel your point is stronger than your opponent’s. Or you might use a comparative structure to write a letter to the editor explaining all the reasons you disagree with the city council’s decision to raise local taxes.

　　5顺序结构：

顺序结构与时间逻辑结构相似，但是这种结构通常会包含一种指引性的语气和一步一步的过程的说明。如果你想要教别人怎么做巧克力千层蛋糕、或者怎么找到当地的住宿，你都应该用这种结构写作，用上“首先“、“然后”、“接着”、“最后”等词。

Sequential: This structure is similar to Chronological, but is normally employed with a how-to voice when a step-by-step process is being described. If you were going to write about how to make your famous chocolate layer cake, or how to get to a great bed-and-breakfast you discovered out in the country, you would write sequentially, using words like, "First," "Next," "Then," and "Finally" to clarify your instructions.

　　6因果结构：

这个结构一看其来似乎跟对比结构相似，但这种结构里面不包含不同内容之间的比较，而是探讨一件事情的起因和结果。你可以用这种结构探讨空气污染的原因，或者写信说明你为什么要辞职。

Causal: This structure might at first glance seem similar to Comparative structures, but it differs in that it does not involve weighing options against one another. Instead, it discusses the causes and then the effects regarding a particular topic or issue in that order. You might use this structure if you were writing an article on how something has come about, such as the contributing factors to air pollution. Or you might employ this technique in a letter explaining why you have decided to resign from your job.

在知道了各种不同的写作逻辑结构之后，开始去关注你接触到的文章的“骨架”吧。无论是看报纸杂志或者网络文章，你都应该留意一下它们的基本论点都是怎么组织的。好的写作者会持续不断地关注自己所阅读的东西来磨练自己的技巧。

Now that you know about the different kinds of structures, start paying attention to the skeletons of all the pieces of writing around you. The next time you flip through a magazine in a doctor’s waiting room, or skim through a weekly e-newsletter that you subscribe to, or even read a letter from a friend, take some time to x-ray the writing and see how its bare bones are connected. Good writers hone their skills by being constantly aware of what they’re reading.