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考研英语长难句结构如何分析

考研英语长难句结构如何分析

长难句是英语复习的重难点,看到一个长难句,我们就应该着手去进行分析。小编为大家精心准备了考研英语长难句结构分析的技巧,欢迎大家前来阅读。

考研英语长难句结构如何分析

  考研英语长难句结构分析的方法

英语长句也就是复杂句,里面可能会有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能为并列、包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句,首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括:名词性从句,它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即定语从句;另外还有状语从句。

那么,有些同学可能会问,究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢?有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住:

1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;

2、找出句中所有从句的引导词及其所引导的谓语结构;

3、找出句中所有的非谓语结构、介词短语;

4、分析从句和短语的功能(例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等)以及词、短语和从句之间的关系;

5、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。

例:

Of course, some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary, but a free and democratic society functions best when it leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.

句子拆分:

拆分点参考:标点,并列连词,从属连词

Of course,// some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary, //but a free and democratic society functions best //when it leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.

图示:

Of course, some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary,

but a free and democratic society

functions best

when it

leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.

参考译文

当然,某些规定是不可避免并且是必需的,但是只有当社会让民众通过自己的理智判断而非政府管制去解决道德难题时,一个自由民主的社会才能最大限地发挥其功能。

  考研英语长难句拆分的要点

考研英语长难句拆分信号:

1、标点符号:比如,2个逗号形成插入语,破折号表示解释说明,分号相当于“and”表示并列;

2、连词:并列句的并列连词and、or、but、yet、for等,从句的从属连词which、that、when、how、if等;

3、介词:介词引导介词短语,介词短语在句子中可充当定语、状语等修饰成分;

4、不定式符号to:不定式符号to引导不定式短语,在句子中除了可以充当主语、宾语、表语、补语等主干成分外,还可做定语、状语等修饰成分;

5、分词:分词包括现在分词和过去分词,在句子中可充当定语和状语修饰成分。

下面我们就按照长难句拆分原则,依照这些拆分信号,结合考研英语阅读或翻译真题中的长难句进行实战演练一下吧!

1、{C}This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

(1)句子拆分

拆分点:从属连词、介词、标点符号

This trend began∥during the Second World War,∥when several governments came to the conclusion∥that the specific demands∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen∥in detail.

(2)句子结构

找谓语动词(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);

找连词(when, that, that)

前面没有从属连词的动词即为主句的谓语动词

确定主从句

主句:This trend began during the Second World War;

从句:定语从句when several governments came to the conclusion修饰the Second World War,本从句嵌套着一个二级从句即同位语从句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修饰conclusion和一个三级从句that引导的定语从句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修饰demands。

(3)解析

during the Second World War介词短语做状语;when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail做定语修饰the Second World War;that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位语从句修饰conclusion;that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修饰demands。

(4)本句的参考译文

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府得出结论:政府向科研机构提出的'要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

总之,只要考生对句子结构有个透彻的理解,弄清句子的各个成分,并可以借助连词、介词、非谓语动词等手段把句子由简单变得复杂,由复杂变得简单,这样句子结构分析技能提高了,长难句也就攻克了,对于考研阅读和翻译的理解也就简单了。

  考研英语长难句的特点及类别

一、长难句的特点

英语长句一般指的是各种复杂句,复杂句里可能有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能包孕、嵌套,也可能并列或平行。从功能来说,英语有三大复合句,即:①名词性从句,包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;②形容词性从句,即我们平常所说的定语从句;③状语从句。

一般说来,英语长句有如下几个特点:

1)结构复杂,逻辑层次多;

2)常须根据上下文作词义的引申;

3)常须根据上下文对指代词的指代关系做出判断;

4)并列成分多;

5)修饰语多,特别是后置定语很长;

二、考研英语难句分析类别

第一类:复杂修饰成分

句子本不难,但是修饰成分多且长。1、从句(定语、状语、同位语从句等)修饰;2、介词短语修饰;3、分词修饰;4、不定式修饰。经常是在同一个句子里既有从句又有介词短语,且都不止一个。

例:The methods that a community devises to perpetuate itself come into being to preserve aspects of the cultural legacy that community perceives as essential.

分析:主语:The methods;谓语:come into being;that a community devises to perpetuate itself为定语从句,修饰the methods;不定式to表示目的状语;that community perceives as essential为定语从句,修饰the cultural legacy。

译文:一个社会设计出来保存自己的方法得以形成来保持那个社会认为最重要的一些方面。

第二类:大段的插入与或同位语,打断读者的思路,割裂前后之间的语义,造成理解的困难。我们称之为“打岔”。

例:Moreover, I can feel strong emotions in response to objects of art that are interpretations, rather than representations, of reality.

分析:在浏览该句时,发现句子中出现了双逗号,其中间的内容rather than representations为插入语,浏览的时候先跳过。这样就可以看到把that are interpretations和of reality连接起来了。That引导定语从句,修饰objects of art。

译文:而且,我从艺术品上能够感到强烈的情感。艺术品是对现实的阐释,而非代表现实。

第三类:语序调整或倒装:为了平衡句子的结构或强调一些内容,通常会人为地对句子进行句序调整。

例:Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American search for spacious living than in the Far West.

分析:否定副词nowhere放在句首,所以句子出现部分倒装。注意:more与否定词nowhere一起使用,相当于最高级。dramatize此处的意思是“突出显示,使…戏剧化”。

译文:1980年美国的人口普查数据表明,没有哪个地方比美国最西部更能突出显示美国人想寻找更广阔的生存空间。

第四类:省略:相对以上三种来讲比较简单,在短句中大家一般都可以看出。

但是如果在长句中出现,特别是如果与以上三种之一甚至几种同时出现,也会给同学们带来很大的困难。

例:That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

正常语序:That sex ratio which maximizes the number of descendants will be favored and hence the number of gene copies transmitted.

该例句中which引导的定语从句修饰sex ratio,由于谓语句子主干较短,所以进行了后置。另外,and并列的后半句省略了主谓语that sex ratio maximizes。


标签: 难句 考研 英语
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