英语四级考试模拟练习试题

英语四级
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　　part　ii　reading　comprehension　(35　minutes)

　　directions:there　are　four　reading　passages　in　this　part.　each　passage　is　followed　by　some　questions.　for　each　question　there　are　four　suggested　answers　marked　a,b,c　and　　should　choose　the　one　best　answer　and　blacken　the　corresponding　letter　on　the　answer　sheet　with　a　pencil.

　　passage　1

david　thomson　is　an　electronics　technician,　trained　by　the　u.s.　navy,　wrist　is　surrounded　by　a　force　field　that　can　broadcast　emotions　to　other　human　beings.　the　ability　to　receive　such　force　fields,　thomson　believes,　explains　how　one　can　sense　another's　fear,　nervousness,　aggression,　panic,　or　friendliness.

this　theory　of　emotional　communication　occurred　to　thomson　when　he　told　a　psychiatrist(精神病医生),　dr.　jack　ward,　that　he　was　certain　his　own　hypertension(高血压，过度紧张)　made　those　near　him　uncomfortable.　to　demonstrate　the　theory,　thomson　constructed　a　transmitter　capable　of　generating　an　electromagnetic　field　similar　to　that　of　a　man　beset　by　hyper　anxiety(过度焦虑).　for　a　year,　with　this　in　his　pocket,　thomson　made　people　miserable.　he　would　find　a　hungry　man　delightedly　preparing　to　eat　a　steak　in　a　restaurant,　turn　on　the　transmitter,　and　watch　as　the　man　became　tense　and　irritable　and　finally　left　with　his　steak　uneaten.　in　another　test,　thomson　cleared　a　crowded　room　in　fifteen　minutes.　such　an　exodus(出去)　could　not　be　due,　thomson　observed,　to　personality　problems　alone.

dr.　ward,　who　had　become　thomson's　partner,　insisted　that　there　was　already　misery　enough　in　the　son　fashioned　a　"happiness　transmitter,"　which　can　duplicate　the　force　field　of　a　contented　man.　university　psychologists　in　the　united　states　report　some　encouraging　results　in　current　tests　of　the　thomson-and-ward　transmitter.

the　"happiness　machine"　has　many　possibilities.　thomson　has　speculated　on　its　use　near　disturbed　or　anxious　patients　in　hospitals,　and　in　unruly　crowds.　tranquility(平静),　like　panic　and　violence,　may　be　contagions(传染性的).

1.　the　theory　is　based　on　belief　in　the　existence　of　.分析与解答

licated　equipment

b.　individual　force　fields

c.　nervousness

ession

2.　the　theory　occurred　to　thomson　because　he　was　convinced　that　people　near　him　.分析与解答

d　hypnotize　him

b.　could　make　him　feel　uncomfortable

c.　were　reading　his　thoughts

d　were　affected　by　his　hypertension

3.　for　his　first　demonstrations,　thomson　chose　people　who　.分析与解答

　in　a　happy　mood

b.　seemed　hyper　anxious

c.　were　aggressive

　b　and　c

4.　the　thomson-and-ward　transmitter　was　constructed　because　.分析与解答

ersity　psychologists　suggested　it

b.　the　"misery　machine"　had　not　worked

c.　dr.　ward　felt　there　was　misery　enough

ce　forces　asked　for　it

5.　thomson　has　speculated　on　.分析与解答

　helpful　uses　of　a　"happiness　machine"

b.　possible　wrongful　uses　of　a　"happiness　machine"

c.　the　disadvantages　of　a　tranquil　population

　final　report　on　the　psychologists'　tests

　　passage　2

just　30　years　ago　some　700　million　people　lived　in　cities.　today　the　number　stands　at　1,800　million,　and　by　the　end　of　the　century　it　will　to　3,000　million—more　than　half　the　world's　estimated　population.　by　the　year　2000　an　estimated　650　million　people　will　crowd　into　60　cities　of　five　million　or　more—three　quarters　of　them　in　the　developing　worl　　a　single　first　world　city—metropolitan　tokyo,　which　will　have　24　million　people—is　expected　to　be　among　the　global　top　five;　london,　ranked　second　in　1950　with　ten　million　people,　will　not　even　make　2000's　top　　places　where　rates　of　natural　population　increase　exceed　three　per　cent　annually—meaning　much　of　the　third　world—that　alone　is　enough　to　double　a　city's　population　within　20　years.　but　equally　powerful　are　the　streams　of　hopeful　migrants　from　the　countryside.

what　faces　and　confuses　urban　planners　is　the　huge　scale　of　these　trends.　there　have　never　been　cities　of　30　million　people,　let　alone　ones　dependent　on　roads,　sewer　and　water　supplies　barely　adequate　for　urban　areas　a　tenth　that　size.　and　the　flood　of　new　arrivals　in　swelling　third　world　cities　far　overtakes　the　supply　of　jobs—particularly　as　modern　industries　put　a　premium　on　technology　rather　than　manpower.　so　it　will　be　virtually　impossible　to　find　permanent　employment　for　30　to　40　per　cent　of　the　1,000　million　new　city　inhabitants　expected　by　the　year　2000.

despite　the　terrible　conditions　that　the　city　newcomers　face,　their　numbers　are　growing　at　rates　as　much　as　twice　that　of　the　cities　themselves—and　every　step　taken　to　improve　their　living　conditions　in　the　slums　only　attracts　more　migrants.

6.　which　of　the　following　is　the　main　topic　of　this　passage?　分析与解答

　increase　of　world　population.

b.　the　improvement　of　urban　living　conditions.

c.　the　migrants　from　the　countryside　and　their　unemployment.

　expansion　of　cities　and　its　consequences.

7.　the　author　uses　tokyo　as　an　example　mainly　to　show　that　.　分析与解答

　biggest　cities　will　still　be　in　first　world　countries

b.　its　development　speed　will　be　greater　than　that　of　london

c.　most　of　the　biggest　cities　will　be　in　the　third　world　countries

nese　will　keep　control　of　the　growth　of　big　cities　such　as　tokyo

8.　which　of　the　following　is　not　true　according　to　the　passage?　分析与解答

　half　of　the　world's　population　will　move　to　cities　by　2000.

b.　the　order　of　the　world's　biggest　cities　will　be　changed　fundamentally　by　the　year　2000.

c.　the　world　population　will　reach　about　6,000　million　by　2000.

　poor　countries　will　suffer　more　from　the　expansion　of　cities　by　2000.

9.　according　to　the　last　paragraph,　all　of　the　following　are　true　except　that　.　分析与解答

lopment　of　modern　technology　will　reduce　the　use　of　manpower

b.　urban　planers　will　have　no　past　experiences　to　borrow

c.　the　growth　of　urban　population　is　faster　than　that　of　cities

　improvement　of　urban　living　conditions　is　to　attract　more　migrants　from　the　countryside　　 10.　the　expression　“put　a　premium　on"　in　paragraph　3　can　best　be　replaced　by　.　分析与解答

　in　need　of

b.　devote　much　attention　to

c.　have　no　lack　of

k　little　of

　　passage　3

for　some　time　past　it　has　been　widely　accepted　that　babies—and　other　creatures—learn　to　do　things　because　certain　acts　lead　to　“rewards";　and　there　is　no　reason　to　doubt　that　this　is　true.　but　it　used　also　to　be　widely　believed　that　effective　rewards,　at　least　in　the　early　stages,　had　to　be　directly　related　to　such　basic　physiological　“drives"　as　thirst　or　hunger.　in　other　words,　a　baby　would　learn　if　he　got　food　or　drink,　some　sort　of　physical　comfort,　not　otherwise.

it　is　now　clear　that　this　is　not　so.　babies　will　learn　to　behave　in　ways　that　produce　results　in　the　world　with　no　reward　except　the　successful　outcome.

papousek　began　his　studies　by　using　milk　in　the　normal　way　to　“reward"　the　babies　and　so　teach　them　to　carry　out　some　simple　movements,　such　as　turning　the　head　to　one　side　or　the　other.　then　he　noticed　that　a　baby　who　had　had　enough　to　drink　would　refuse　the　milk　but　would　still　go　on　making　the　learned　response　with　clear　signs　of　pleasure.　so　he　began　to　study　the　children's　response　in　situation　where　no　milk　was　　quickly　found　that　children　as　young　as　four　months　would　learn　to　turn　their　heads　to　right　or　left　if　the　movement　“switched　on"　a　display　of　lights　-　and　indeed　that　they　were　capable　of　learning　quite　complex　turns　to　bring　about　this　result,　for　instance,　two　left　or　two　right,　or　even　to　make　as　many　as　three　turns　to　one　side.

papousek's　light　display　was　placed　directly　in　front　of　the　babies　and　he　made　the　interesting　observation　that　sometimes　they　would　turn　back　to　watch　the　lights　closely　although　they　would　“smile　and　bubble"　when　the　display　came　on.　papousek　concluded　that　it　was　not　primarily　the　sight　of　the　lights　that　pleased　them,　it　was　the　success　they　were　achieving　in　solving　the　problem,　in　mastering　the　skill,　and　that　there　exists　a　fundamental　human　urge　to　make　sense　of　the　world　and　bring　it　under　intentional　control.

11.　according　to　the　author,　babies　learn　to　do　things　which　.　分析与解答

　directly　related　to　pleasure

b.　will　meet　their　physical　needs

c.　will　bring　them　a　feeling　of　success

　satisfy　their　curiosity

12.　papousek　noticed　in　his　studies　that　a　baby　.　分析与解答

d　make　learned　response　when　it　saw　the　milk

b.　would　carry　out　learned　movements　when　it　had　enough　to　drink

c.　would　continue　the　simple　movements　without　being　given　milk

d　turn　its　head　to　right　or　left　when　it　had　enough　to　drinkf.

13.　in　papousek's　experiment　babies　make　learned　movements　of　the　head　in　order　to　.　分析与解答

　the　lights　turned　on

b.　be　rewarded　with　milk

c.　please　their　parents

　praised

14.　the　babies　would　“smile　and　bubble"　at　the　lights　because　.　分析与解答

　lights　were　directly　related　to　some　basic　“drives"

b.　the　sight　of　the　lights　was　interesting

c.　they　need　not　turn　back　to　watch　the　lights

　succeeded　in　“switching　on"　the　lights

15.　according　to　papousek,　the　pleasure　babies　get　in　achieving　something　is　a　reflection　of　.分析与解答

a.a　basic　human　desire　to　understand　and　control　the　world

b.　the　satisfaction　of　certain　physiological　needs

c.　their　strong　desire　to　solve　complex　problems

d.a　fundamental　human　urge　to　display　their　learned　skills

　　passage　4

in　recent　years　many　countries　of　the　world　have　been　faced　with　the　problem　of　how　to　make　their　workers　more　productive.　some　experts　claim　the　answer　is　to　make　jobs　more　　do　more　varied　jobs　lead　to　greater　productivity?　there　is　evidence　to　suggest　that　while　variety　certainly　makes　the　workers'　life　more　enjoyable,　it　does　not　actually　make　him　work　harder.　as　far　as　increasing　productivity　is　concerned,　the　variety　is　not　an　important　factor.

other　experts　feel　that　giving　the　worker　freedom　to　do　his　job　in　his　own　way　is　important　and　there　is　no　doubt　that　this　is　true.　the　problem　is　that　this　kind　of　freedom　cannot　easily　be　given　in　the　modern　factory　with　its　complicated　machinery　which　must　be　used　in　a　fixed　way.　thus　while　freedom　of　choice　may　be　important,　there　is　usually　very　little　that　can　be　done　to　create　it.　another　important　consideration　is　how　much　each　worker　contributes　to　the　product　he　is　making.　in　most　factories　the　worker　sees　only　one　small　part　of　the　product.　some　car　factories　are　now　experimenting　with　having　many　small　production　lines　rather　than　one　large　one,　so　that　each　worker　contributes　more　to　the　production　of　the　cars　on　his　line.　it　would　seem　that　not　only　is　the　degree　of　workers'　contribution　an　important　factor,　therefore,　but　it　is　also　one　we　can　do　something　about.

to　what　extent　more　money　led　to　greater　productivity?　the　workers　themselves　certainly　think　this　is　important.　but　perhaps　they　want　more　money　only　because　the　work　they　do　is　so　boring.　money　just　lets　them　enjoy　their　spare　time　more.　a　similar　argument　may　explain　demands　for　shorter　working　hours.　perhaps　if　we　succeed　in　making　their　jobs　more　interesting,　they　will　neither　want　more　money,　nor　will　shorter　working　hours　be　so　important　to　them.

16.　which　of　these　possible　factors　leading　to　greater　productivity　is　not　true?分析与解答

　make　jobs　more　varied.

b.　to　give　the　worker　freedom　to　do　his　job　in　his　own　way.

c.　degree　of　work　contribution.

nds　for　longer　working　hours.

17.　why　workers　want　more　money?分析与解答

use　their　jobs　are　too　boring.

b.　in　order　to　enjoy　more　spare　time.

c.　to　make　their　jobs　more　interesting.

　demand　shorter　working　hours.

18.　the　last　sentence　in　this　passage　means　that　if　we　succeed　in　making　workers'　jobs　more　interesting　.分析与解答

　will　want　more　money