2017年托业考试备考练习阅读辅导

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The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of ent on Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves, transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly Line modifying the face of the Earth.(5) Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported by wind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent of continental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks, streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immense polarized network channels the water toward a single recepatcle: an ocean.(10) Gravity dominates this entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running from high altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.

The rate at which a molecule of water passes through the cycle is not random but is a measure of the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the(15) average time for a water molecule to pass throught one of the three reservoirs—atmosphere, continent, and ocean—we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days in the atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. This last figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere but also the rapidity of water(20) transport on the continents. A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents. Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved and transported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form the thin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes(25) soils are destroyed and transported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continents thus results from two closely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Their respective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.

8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT

(A) magnesium

(B) iron

(C) potassium

(D) calcium

答案：B

The canopy, the upper level of the trees in the rain forest, holds a plethora of climbing mammals of moderately large size, which may include monkeys, cats, civets, and porcupines. Smaller species, including such rodents as mice and small squirrels, are not Line as prevalent overall in high tropical canopies as they are in most habitats globally.(5)Small mammals, being warm blooded, suffer hardship in the exposed and turbulent environment of the uppermost trees. Because a small body has more surface area per unit of weight than a large one of similar shape, it gains or loses heat more swiftly.

Thus, in the trees, where shelter from heat and cold may be scarce and conditions may fluctuate, a small mammal may have trouble maintaining its body temperature.(10)Small size makes it easy to scramble among twigs and branches in the canopy for insects, flowers, or fruit, but small mammals are surpassed, in the competition for food, by large ones that have their own tactics for browsing among food-rich weight of a gibbon (a small ape) hanging below a branch arches the terminal leaves down so that fruit-bearing foliage drops toward the gibbon's face. Walking or

(15) leaping species of a similar or even larger size access the outer twigs either by snapping off and retrieving the whole branch or by clutching stiff branches with the feet or tail and plucking food with their hands.

Small climbing animals may reach twigs readily, but it is harder for them than for large climbing animals to cross the wide gaps from on tree crown to the next that(20) typify the high canopy. A macaque or gibbon can hurl itself farther than a mouse can: it can achieve a running start, and it can more effectively use a branch as a springboard, even bouncing on a limb several times before jumping. The forward movement of a small animal is seriously reduced by the air friction against the relatively large surface area of its body. Finally, for the many small mammals that supplement their insect(25) diet with fruits or seeds, an inability to span open gaps between tree crowns may be problematic, since trees that yield these foods can be sparse.

2. Which of the following animals is less common in the upper canopy than in other environments?

(A) Monkeys

(B) Cats

(C) Porcupines

(D) Mice

答案：D

During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, almost nothing was written about the

contributions of women during the colonial period and the early history of the newly

formed United States. Lacking the right to vote and absent from the seats of power,

Line women were not considered an important force in history. Anne Bradstreet wrote some

(5) significant poetry in the seventeenth century, Mercy Otis Warren produced the best

contemporary history of the American Revolution, and Abigail Adams penned important

letters showing she exercised great political influence over her husband, John, the second

President of the United States. But little or no notice was taken of these contributions.

During these centuries, women remained invisible in history books.

(10) Throughout the nineteenth century, this lack of visibility continued, despite the efforts

of female authors writing about women. These writers, like most of their male

counterparts, were amateur historians. Their writings were celebratory in nature, and

they were uncritical in their selection and use of sources.

During the nineteenth century, however, certain feminists showed a keen sense of

(15) history by keeping records of activities in which women were engaged. National,

regional, and local women's organizations compiled accounts of their doings. Personal

correspondence, newspaper clippings, and souvenirs were saved and stored. These sources

form the core of the two greatest collections of women's history in the United States; one

at the Elizabeth and Arthur Schlesinger Library at Radcliffe College, and the other the

(20) Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College. Such sources have provided valuable

materials for later generations of historians.

Despite the gathering of more information about ordinary women during the

nineteenth century, most of the writing about women conformed to the "great women"

theory of history, just as much of mainstream American history concentrated on "great

(25) men." To demonstrate that women were making significant contributions to American

life, female authors singled out women leaders and wrote biographies. or else important

women produced their autobiographies. Most of these leaders were involved in public

life as reformers, activists working for women's right to vote, or authors, and were not

representative at all of the great of ordinary woman. The lives of ordinary people

(30) continued, generally, to be untold in the American histories being published.

9. In the last paragraph, the author mentions all of the following as possible roles of nineteenth-century "great women" EXCEPT

(A) authors

(B) reformers

(C) activists for women's rights

(D) politicians

答案：D

Potash (the old name for potassium carbonate) is one of the two alkalis (the other

being soda, sodium carbonate) that were used from remote antiquity in the making of

glass, and from the early Middle Ages in the making of soap: the former being the

Line product of heating a mixture of alkali and sand, the latter a product of alkali and

(5) vegetable oil. Their importance in the communities of colonial North America need

hardly be stressed.

Potash and soda are not interchangeable for all purposes, but for glass-or soap-

making either would do. Soda was obtained largely from the ashes of certain

Mediterranean sea plants, potash from those of inland vegetation. Hence potash was

(10) more familiar to the early European settlers of the North American continent.

The settlement at Jamestown in Virginia was in many ways a microcosm of the

economy of colonial North America, and potash was one of its first concerns. It was

required for the glassworks, the first factory in the British colonies, and was produced in

sufficient quantity to permit the inclusion of potash in the first cargo shipped out of

(15) Jamestown. The second ship to arrive in the settlement from England included among its

passengers experts in potash making.

The method of making potash was simple enough. Logs were piled up and burned in

the open, and the ashes collected. The ashes were placed in a barrel with holes in the

bottom, and water was poured over them. The solution draining from the barrel was

(20) boiled down in iron kettles. The resulting mass was further heated to fuse the mass into

what was called potash.

In North America, potash making quickly became an adjunct to the clearing of

land for agriculture, for it was estimated that as much as half the cost of clearing land

could be recovered by the sale of potash. Some potash was exported from Maine and New

(25) Hampshire in the seventeenth century, but the market turned out to be mainly domestic,

consisting mostly of shipments from the northern to the southern colonies. For despite

the beginning of the trade at Jamestown and such encouragements as a series of acts "to

encourage the making of potash," beginning in 1707 in South Carolina, the softwoods

in the South proved to be poor sources of the substance.

1. What aspect of potash does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) How it was made

(B) Its value as a product for export

(C) How it differs from other alkalis

(D) Its importance in colonial North America

答案：C

2. All of the following statements are true of both potash and soda EXPECT:

(A) They are alkalis.

(B) They are made from sea plants.

(C) They are used in making soap.

(D) They are used in making glass.

答案：B

3. According to paragraph 4, all of following were needed for making potash EXCEPT

(A) wood

(B) fire

(C) sand

(D) water

答案：C